The tipping point came in the summer of 2025. That July, several artificial intelligence models solved five out of six problems at the International Mathematical Olympiad, an annual challenge for some of the world’s best high school students. But while mathematicians were shocked — few had expected the programs to get that good that quickly — the impressive results didn’t necessarily mean that AI would make important strides in research math. After all, Olympiad problems are challenging puzzles with known answers, not open questions.
Nevertheless, the results made people pay attention. Mathematicians who had dismissed AI models as too error-prone to be useful started playing around with them. Those early adopters found, to their surprise, not only that the models were good at puzzles, but that they could help break genuinely new ground. Soon, mathematicians were using AI to discover and prove new results, accomplishing in a day what would have once taken them weeks or months. “2025 was the year when AI really started being useful for many different tasks,” said Terence Tao (opens a new tab), a prominent mathematician at the University of California, Los Angeles.
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