MXene-based stimuli-responsive and autonomous intelligent materials

MXenes, a rapidly growing class of two-dimensional transition metal carbides and nitrides, have emerged as powerful building blocks for stimuli-responsive materials (SRMs) owing to their high conductivity, tunable surface chemistry, mechanical compliance, and strong photothermal effects. This review critically summarizes recent advances in MXene-based SRMs that respond to light, heat, mechanical deformation, chemical environments, magnetic fields, and biological cues. Emphasis is placed on multifunctional composites, including hydrogels, elastomers, and shape memory polymers, which enable sensing, actuation, and therapeutic functions. Key design strategies such as hybrid architectures, interfacial engineering, dispersion control, and the integration of multi–transition-metal MXenes are discussed in relation to multi-stimuli responsiveness and programmable behavior. Current challenges related to stability, biocompatibility, and scalability are examined, along with emerging solutions in sustainable synthesis and additive manufacturing. Finally, future directions toward intelligent and autonomous MXene-based SRMs are outlined.