The Face on Mars:
a Historical Summary

by Saul-Paul Sirag (June 1, 1998)


Wednesday, August 20, 1975: Viking 1 is launched from the Kennedy Space Center, Cape Canaveral.

September 9, 1975: Viking 2 is launched [Spitzer]].

June 19, 1976: Viking 1 reaches Mars. It is inserted into Mars synchronous orbit with a period of 24.66 hours, an apoapsis of 33000 km and periapsis of 1513 km. A search for a safe landing place for the Viking 1 lander begins. The close-up imaging of Mars begins [Spitzer].

July 20, 1976: Viking 1 lander descends safely to the surface of Mars on the 7th anniversary of the Apollo 11 moon landing [Spitzer, Hoagland].

July 25, 1976 (the 35th day of imaging by Viking 1 Orbiter): Toby Owen, an imaging team member, looks for a safe landing spot for Viking 2 (which reaches Mars on August 7). He comes across 35A72 received earlier that day. He sees what obviously looks like a human head and exclaims, "Oh my God, look at this!" [Hoagland]

Same day: July 25, 1976: A major press conference is in progress at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory, in Pasadena. Gerald Soffen, Viking Project Scientist, holds up a picture. It's the "Head" picture (35A72) -- later called the "Face on Mars." Soffen says: "Isn't it peculiar what tricks of lighting and shadow can do?" He added, "When we took a picture a few hours later it all went away; it was just a trick, just the way the light fell on it." Member of the press, Richard Hoagland, was present and accepted Soffen's explanation, just like all the rest of the press [Hoagland].

Soffen's explanation, however, was false. What he said was actually an impossibility because a few hours after the picture was taken, the Cydonia part of Mars, where the "Face" resides, was in shadow and no picture could be taken. [Hoagland]

July 31, 1976: NASA , Viking News Center, Pasadena, releases a picture of the "Head" (now available at http://www.msss.com/education/facepage/pio.gif). This picture is a small part of the frame 35A72, and shows only a tiny slice of the object latter dubbed the "Fortress" by independent researchers. The released picture came with the following caption:
"This picture is one of many taken in the northern latitudes of Mars by the Viking 1 Orbiter in search of a landing site for Viking 2. The picture shows eroded mesa-like landforms. The huge rock formation in the center, which resembles a human head, is formed by shadows giving the illusion of eyes, nose and mouth. The feature is 1.5 kilometers (one mile) across, with the sun angle at approximately 20 degrees. The speckled appearance of the image is due to bit errors, emphasized by enlargement of the photo. The picture was taken on July 25 from a range of 1873 kilometers (1162 miles)."

Note that there is no claim here that a second picture was taken in which the illusion disappeared. It is merely claimed that the effect is an illusion. Soffen's statement, however, had already had its impact on the press, and on NASA personnel as well, who assumed that a second picture had proved that the effect was an illusion.

August 29, 1976 (35 days after July 25) : the second picture of the same "Face on Mars" was recorded by Viking 1 Orbiter, picture number 70A13. In this case the facial feature did not go away, but confirmed the earlier picture. And thereby hangs a tale.

1979: If the "Face" turns out to be evidence for extraterrestrial intelligence, then the major credit for the discovery should go to Vincent Di Pietro. He was an electrical engineer (specializing in digital electronics and image processing) who worked at the Goddard Spaceflight Center in Greenbelt, Maryland, and thus had access to the archives of the National Space Science Data Center. In 1979, he was thumbing through this archive when he came upon a photo labeled "Head." (It was the basis for the picture released July 31, 1976, and was dated as such.) Di Pietro had previously seen this picture in a source he considered questionable -- a magazine called, Extraterrestrial Archaeology. Realizing that this was probably not a hoax picture in the NASA files, he was intrigued enough to request a copy and received frame 35A72, which gave the "Head" a much larger context. He then teamed up with a computer scientist, Gregory Molenaar, and requested the original digital image tapes from the Jet Propulsion Laboratory. They invented a way to extract more information from the raw data than was available in the file picture. [Di Pietro, Hoagland]

They searched through the Viking picture library and found the second picture (70A13), taken during orbit 70. Since there was one orbit per day, this image would have been recorded 35 days after the first picture (35A72).

This finding directly contradicted Soffen's claim that in a second picture "it all went away." Curiously, this second picture which confirmed the first picture was hard to find because it was misfiled [Di Pietro, Hoagland].

There is another Viking misfiling story.
Carl Sagan, in his very popular (1980) TV series, "Cosmos," showed pictures of "The pyramids of Elysium" taken by the Mariner 9 mapping of Mars in 1972. This picture is reproduced on page 129 of his book, Cosmos ; and on page 130 he has the following footnote about these Elysium pyramids:
"The largest are 3 kilometers across at the base, and 1 kilometer high -- much larger than the pyramids of Sumer, Egypt or Mexico on Earth. They seem eroded and ancient, and are, perhaps, only small mountains, sandblasted for ages. But they warrant, I think, a careful look." [Sagan]

Sagan was one of the main scientists on the Viking lander team. At the time he made this statement (the book was published in 1980), the Viking orbiters had been imaging Mars for more than two years. Indeed Orbiter 2 had already been shut down, and Orbiter 1 would continue to image Mars only until August 7, 1980. [White]

Note: Orbiter 1 made 1498 orbits of Mars between June 19, 1976, and August 7, 1980, when it finally was shut down. Orbiter 2 made 706 orbits between August 7, 1976 and July 25, 1978, when it was shut down. In both cases, the shutdown was due to the depletion of attitude-control gas [White].

One wonders: had Elysium pictures already been taken by Viking Orbiters by the time Sagan made his Cosmos footnote plea (published in 1980) to re-image these intriguing pyramidal objects?

The Mariner 9 picture of the Elysium pyramids had been taken on February 8, 1972, at 15 degrees N lattitude and 198 degrees W longitude. When Di Pietro and Molinaar searched for the corresponding location picture in the Viking data file in 1980, they found a picture indexed for this location -- but it was not a picture of Elysium. Rather it was a picture of the location -15 degrees (i.e., S) latitude and 200 degrees W longitude. There was no picture of the Elysium pyramids location in the file [Mariner, Hoagland].

There are other curiosities such as the area (at -80 deg. lat., 64 deg. long.) called the "Inca city" by the Mariner 9 scientists [Mariner] .

Di Pietro and Molinar checked the Viking files for the corresponding picture and found a frame with the linear details of the "Inca city" seemingly covered over by "snow and ice" [Di Pietro].

May 1, 1980: Di Pietro and Molinaar present their discoveries at a press conference in Lanham, Maryland. Very few show up.

June 16, 1980: Di Pietro and Molinaar present their discoveries to a large audience at the Annual Convention of The American Astronomical Society.

August 7, 1980: The last Viking Orbiter pictures are taken, as Orbiter 1 runs out of attitude-control gas [White] .

April 1981: At the "Case for Mars" conference, in Boulder, Colorado, Richard Hoagland meets Di Pietro and Molinaar, who give a clandestine presentation of their discoveries about the "Face" and "Pyramid" (the D & M object). Hoagland is impressed at the improvements in the the two pictures of the face. But he is not impressed enough to become involved.

April 1982: Di Pietro and Molinaar publish an article, "Face in Space" in Omni. They also offer by mail a copy of their book, Unusual Martian Surface Features.

May 1983: Hoagland discovers the "City" and its "Fortress" in an enhanced version of picture 35A72, which Di Pietro sent him. Hoagland becomes deeply involved in the push to research the Cydonia anomalies.

August 1984: Vladimir Avinsky publishes the article, "Pyramids on Mars?" in Soviet Life magazine. It is based on the Viking pictures of the "Face" and the nearby objects. Avinsky describes the "Face" as the "Martian Sphinx."

August 1984: Two social scientists, Thomas Rautenberg and his mentor C.West Churchman, form the Mars Investigation Group, headquartered at the University of California at Berkeley, but with members across the country, from MIT to Lucasfilms. Within a year they changed hosts a couple of times, from Berkeley to Brown University in Providence, RI, to the GeoSpace Research Center in Arlington, VA. The academic hosts had become "sensitive to the unusual nature of the investigation." [Jeff Greenwald, "The Face on Mars," San Francisco Chronicle: This World, July 14, 1985, pp. 13-16]

January 1987: Hoagland's book, The Monuments of Mars: A City on the Edge of Forever, is published by North Atlantic Books in Berkeley.

May 15, 1988: Mark J. Carlotto, an electrical engineer, who is a Division Staff Analyst at The Analytic Sciences Corporation (TASC), near Boston, publishes a scientific, peer-reviewed description of the "face" on Mars: "Digital imagery analysis of unusual Martian surface features," Applied Optics, Vol. 27, No. 10. pp. 1926-1933. The famous "Face," with the suggestion of teeth in the mouth, is on the cover.

July 7 & 12, 1988: Phobos 1 & 2 were launched by the Soviet Union to image both Mars and the Martian moon, Phobos. [Sagdeev]

September 1, 1988: Contact with Phobos 1 is lost because "an erroneous command" had been given which switched off the trusters of the attitude control system. [Sagdaveev]

February and March, 1989: Phobos 2 took 37 pictures of Phobos at distances ranging from 1100 to 950 km. [Sagdeev]

March 27, 1989: Radio contact with Phobos 2 was lost, due to failure in orientation control. The cause was officially stated to be "on-board computer malfunction." [Sagdeev]
Note: An image of a shadow cast on the surface of Mars was the penultimate picture taken by Phobos 2. It was shown on European and Canadian television, accompanied by commentary by John Becklake of the Science Museum in England. He emphasized that the image had been recorded at both infrared and optical frequencies. The shadow was too narrow to be cast by the Phobos moon. [Sitchin, Childress]

The shadow is also much narrower than the ellipsoid shadow of Phobos imaged by Mariner 9 in 1972, or by Viking Orbiter 1 in 1977 (picture number [463A21]).

Becklake said that this was the next to last picture taken and that "as the last picture was halfway through they saw something which should not be there." He added that the Soviets, "have not yet released this last picture, and we won't speculate on what it shows." [Sitchin]

Alexander Dunayev, chairman of the Soviet Glavcosmos space organization did speculate: "It may be debris in the orbit of Phobos or could be Phobos 2's autonomous propulsion sub-system that was jettisoned after the spacecraft was injected into Mars orbit -- we just don't know." [Aviation Week & Space Technology, p. 24, April 10, 1989.]

A copy of this last picture was "smuggled" out of the Soviet Union in 1991 (the last year of its existence) by Colonel Marina Popovich, a Soviet Airforce testpilot. The picture shows, in addition to Phobos, a long narrow object. [Childress]

Note also: The Russians have long been interested in the moons of Mars as evidenced by the book, Intelligent Life in the Universe, by I.S. Shklovsii and Carl Sagan (1966), Chapter 26 of which is titled: "Are the moons of Mars artificial satellites?" In particular, the Russians have focused on the evidence that the density of Phobos could be so low that it might be hollow. The Phobos 2 measurements provide a mean density of 1.95 grams per cubic centimeter as reported by G.A. Avaesov (et al.) in the October 19, 1989 issue of Nature. They find this density "strongly suggesting that the interior of Phobos could be more or less porous or contain ice."

May 1990: M.J. Carlotto and M.C. Stein apply fractal analysis to the Cydonia images and find that the "Face" and the "Fortress" are the least fractal and thus the most likely to be nonnatural. They publish this work in an article, "A Method for Searching for Artificial Objects on Planetary Surfaces, " in JBIS (Journal of the British Interplanetary Society) Vol. 43 No. 5, pp. 209-216.

1991: Carlotto's 124-page book, The Martian Enigmas: The Face, Pyramids and Other Unusual Objects on Mars, is published by North Atlantic Books, Berkeley. This contains many enhanced versions of the anomalous Martian objects. It also describes how the enhancements are produced.

September 25, 1992: The Mars Observer is launched toward Mars. There is a tug-of war going on between the Mars Observer Camera's Principal Investigator, Michael Malin, and the researchers pushing for the re-imaging of the Cydonia region. Moreover, NASA announces a new policy: that imaging data could be witheld from the public for up to six months at the discretion of the Principal Investigator (who has a private contract with NASA). This is very disturbing news to the Cydonia researchers. [McDaniel]

July 1993: Stanley V. McDaniel, an Emeritus Philosophy Professor at Sonoma State University in California, privately distributes a 178-page book, Setting Mission Priorities for NASA's Mars Observer: A Failure of Executive, Congressional and Scientific Responsibility?

In this book (latter called The McDaniel Report) McDaniel revealed that as late as May 1993, in a reply to an inquiry from U.S. Senator John Glenn (the former astronaut), NASA sent the following statement:

"The resemblance to a human face is due to the particular lighting angle at which the images were taken. This conclusion is supported by the fact that the 'face' disappears in images of the same place taken at different lighting angles."

This is essentially the same (false) story that Soffen gave out in 1976. Only in June 1993, after McDaniel (via a Congressman), sent a detailed rebuttal to NASA, did a revised version of this statement come out, eliminating the second sentence .

1993: The Society for Planetary SETI Research (SPSR) is formed. This is an interdisciplinary group of scientists and other researchers who are interested in the search for extraterrestrial intelligence in the planets of Solar system. In particular they wish to pursue the Martian anomalies, including especially the "Face" and "City" at Cydonia. The president is the physicist, Horace W. Crater, of the University of Tennessee Space Institute.

August 21, 1993: Mars Observer reaches Mars. Observer's radio transmitters are turned off to protect them from the shock which will occur during a planned pressurization of fuel tanks (in preparation for an August 24 firing of large thrusters to slow the spacecraft into Mars orbit). The radio transmitters never again respond to signals from Earth. After several agonizing weeks (during which radio telescopes searched for any faint signal from Mars Observer), the mission is abandoned.

March 1996: Carl Sagan publishes The Demon Haunted World (Random House), in which he argues that the "Face" cannot be artificial because it is too humanoid. (This implies, of course, that it really does look like a face seen from more than one angle.) His reasoning is that if it was constructed by extra-terrestrials (or even Martians), they could not possibly look humanoid because the evolution of species occurring elsewhere than on Earth would surely produce a non-humanoid form of higher intelligence.

Sagan does, however, propose that a "special effort" be made by both Russian and American spacecraft to check out the seemingly anomalous objects with high-resolution cameras. [Sagan, McDaniel]

Sagan does not live to see this happen. He dies on December 20, 1996 at the age of 62 of myelodysplasia, a bone marrow disease. In 1997 the Mars Pathfinder lander is named the Carl Sagan Memorial Station. [Astronomy Mar 1997; Jan 1998]

June 1996: The geologists, James L. Erjavec and Ronald R. Nicks, put out on the internet a geological analysis of the Cydonia region. They dispute earlier descriptions of the geology of the area and make a plea for more research. Their analysis concludes with this statement:
"This review has pointed out inconsistencies in previous geological arguments and indicates, at the very least, that geological generalizations are not an acceptable method to explain surface features in Cydonia, enigmatic or not. Such 'ballpark' solutions are adding little knowledge to the resolution of the landforms under study. The Cydonia landforms may ultimately turn out to be no more than an odd assortment of enigmatic natural features, formed by random geological processes, but they may as well turn out to have significant features for humanity. An unbiased approach assumes neither, but strives for the truth." [Carlotto, 2nd. Ed., McDaniel Web page]]

August 7, 1996: David McKay of the Johnson Space Center announces evidence for microscopic life on Mars based on a meteorite found in Antartica in 1984. The announcement creates a sensation, enhancing interest in Mars. [Astronomy,Nov 96; Aug 97]

September 23, 1996: Newsweek publishes a cover story by Sharon Begley: "Mission to Mars: How We'll Get There and What We'll Find. Could Humans Live There?" This is a push for manned missions to Mars. The Martian anomalies are not mentioned at all.

November 7, 1996: Mars Global Surveyor is launched from the Kennedy Space Center, Cape Canaveral. It contains the Mars Observer Camera 2 (MOC 2), having been put together using spare parts from the MOC aboard Mars Observer, which had been abandoned as lost near Mars in 1993. Its mission is to map Mars at higher resolution than provided by the Viking Orbiters. It is scheduled to arrive at Mars on September 11, 1997. After aerobraking for several months to achieve a near circular orbit, it is scheduled to start its mapping orbits in March 1998. [Astronomy Feb 1997]

November 16, 1996: The Russian spacecraft Mars 96 is launched. The plan was to land a device on the surface of Mars that would dig below the surface looking for signs of life. The spacecraft was loaded with European built hardware and would use the Global Surveyor to relay information back to Earth. However, after the first three stages of the Proton rocket booster performed properly, the fourth stage failed to ignite. The spacecraft burned up in the South Pacific, depositing debris between Easter Island and the coast of Chile. [Newsweek Sept 23, 1996; Astronomy Feb 1997].

December 4, 1996: Mars Pathfinder is launched from the Kennedy Space Center, Cape Canaveral. It contains the lander which holds the rover, named Sojourner. Its mission is to image the local terrain at the landing spot and to analyze the atomic makeup the nearby rocks. Although launched a month later, Pathfinder is scheduled to arrive at Mars earlier--July 4, 1997. [Astronomy Mar 1997]

Late 1996, the NASA Administrator, Daniel Goldin promised in a press conference that the "Face" would be re-imaged by the upcoming Mars mapping mission of the Mars Global Surveyor (MGS). Later, however, the Deputy Administrator Alan Ladwig said that high-resolution images of the "Face" would be "unlikely." [McDaniel Web site; Astronomy Apr 1997]

Naturally, the members of SPSR are disturbed by this seeming retreat from a promise. They also emphasize that they are interested not only in the Face but in the other anomalous objects called the "City" and the "Fortress" and the "D&M object" -- also called the Di Pietro and Molinaar "Pyramid."

July 4, 1997: Mars Pathfinder lander descends to Mars and sends back the first surface pictures since the Viking Project ended in 1980. Sojourner roves to nearby rocks and sniffs out their atomic spectra. There is widespread interest in this exploration; and NASA's great success is evident to all media watchers. [Newsweek July 14; July 21; Astronomy Oct 1997; Jan 1998]

September 11, 1997: Mars Global Surveyor reaches Mars and goes into orbit around Mars. The orbit is highly elliptical and the (many month) process of aerobraking to achieve a nearly circular orbit is begun.

November 24, 1997: At the NASA Headquarters in Washington, D.C., a group of six SPSR members are able to meet with Carl Pilcher, the Acting Director of Solar System Studies at NASA, and with Joseph Boyce, who had been the Program Scientist for the Continuing Mission of Project Viking [Spitzer]. The six SPSR members present are John E. Brandenburg (who has set up the meeting), Mark J. Carlotto, Horace W. Crater, Vincent Di Pietro, Stanley McDaniel, and David Webb.

The NASA scientists are impressed enough with the research presented by the SPSR members, that a promise is given that the entire area of interest in Cydonia will be re-imaged with the Mars Global Surveyor (MGS) high-resolution camera [McDaniel Web site].

March 26, 1998: Mars Global Surveyor begins Science Phasing Orbit (11.6 hours per orbit). Target Opportunities are Announced. They include four target areas [Malin Web site].
Cydonia Region: 41.0 deg N and 350.5 deg E
Pathfinder: 19.01deg N and 326.48 deg E
Viking 1 Lander: 22.27 deg N and 312.03 deg E
Viking 2 Lander: 47.67 deg N and 134.48 deg E

April 5, 1998 (12:39 AM PST): The "Face on Mars" (40.8deg N, 9.6 deg W) is imaged by the Mars Orbiter Camera on the Mars Global Observer. Orbit # 220; range is 275 miles (444 km). The morning sun was 25 deg above the horizon. Resolution is 14.1 feet (4.3 m) [Malin Web site].

April 6, 1998 (10:30 AM PDT): Raw image is posted to internet. Later in the day contrast enhancements to this image are posted to the internet [Malin].

April 8, 1998: Malin's MSSS releases "Mars Orbiter Camera Views Face on Mars" with enhancements [Malin Site].

The first "Face" picture released to the news media (36 hours after it was acquired) was so unrefined that the TV anchors quickly dismissed it; as one of them said it was "just another hill."

The news-magazines published the better cleaned up versions of the face but were equally dismissive. Said Newsweek (April 20, 1998): "it doesn't look like a face anymore."

April 14, 1998: In Orbit # 239 a second area in Cydonia is imaged. The MGS was programed to target the central part of the "City," but a swath taking in the area to the west (left in the pictures) of this central part is actually imaged [Malin].

April 23, 1998: The third Cydonia image is acquired in Orbit #258. The central part of the "City" is imaged, including a large "pyramidal" structure and the "City Square." [Malin Web site]

April 24, 1998: Raw image for Orbit #258 is posted at 10:00 AM PDT. Contrast enhanced image is posted at 10:45 AM PDT. Curiously, this image is available at some Mirror sites but not at others. It is at the Sun site, but not at the SDSC site.

April 25, 1998: The MSSS site releases "MOC Images 'The City Square' in Cydonia." It includes an enhancement and blow-up of this central area of the "City." [Malin Web site].

Note: Since these three images are all that have been acquired in the Cydonia area, it is disappointing that the most intriguing (and seemingly most unnatural) object, the "Fortress" has not been targeted.

April 30, 1998: The solar conjunction period begins. In this period, which lasts until May 26, Mars is directly behind the sun from Earth, so that communication with the Mars Global Surveyor is extremely difficult. This hiatus marks the end of the first Science Phasing Orbit (SPO-1). After this solar conjunction period the second Science Phasing Orbit (SPO-2) will begin and will continue until September, when aerobraking to achieve more circular orbit will resume. The formal (2 year) mapping period is scheduled to begin on March 1999.

May 28, 1998: The SPSR Scientists (associated with McDaniel) presented three poster sessions about the Cydonian "Face" and anomalous "Mounds" at the American Geophysical Union (AGU) conference in Boston. The physicist, Horace Crater reported, "All in all this was a very hectic and worthwhile meeeting. About 10-15% of the visitors just smiled and/or shook their heads but most were very interested and responsive. In some cases, the comment was 'I agree with your methods, but disagree with your conclusions.' When those saying this were asked why it was so difficult for them to consider the possibility that some features on Mars might be artificial, they usually seemed puzzled and unable to answer."

Vincent Di Pietro pointed out that the MGs reimaging of the "Face" was made at a 45 deg angle, whereas the two Viking Orbiter images were made from 90 deg (straight overhead). He notes that "many of the peaks in the central area of the Face, may also not be peaks, but might be artifacts of the MGS imaging." Since these artifacts would degrade the image, judgements about the "Face" become problematic.

Mark Carlotto's Web site has his conference report with the following abstract:
"New findings from Mars Global Surveyor (MGS) sustain the hypothesis that the Face on Mars may be artificial. Detailed examination of MGS imagery confirms the presence of facial features detected in 1976 by Viking. 3-D analysis shows the Face possesses a high degree of lateral symmetry. High resolution MGS imagery also shows anomalous internal detail including what look like nostrils and lip structures. These, together with linear features on the crown of the head, lie close to the estimated centerline of the Face. It is clear that the Face (if it is in fact a face) is highly eroded. Although the symmetry of the Face and anomalous internal detail are unusual, perhaps they can be explained geologically. We believe that it is premature at this time to render any definitve judgement concerning the origin of the Face. If it is old, indications of artificiality (if any) may be very subtle. Although we have not found definitive proof for artificiality, there are many anomalous qualities on the object that remain unexplained. It is argued that before final judgement can be made, additional imagery is needed, in particular to determine the present state of the right side of the Face which has yet to be observed in its entirety."

At this same conference, both Michael Malin, the MGS camera contractor, and Harry Moore, a geologist in the SPSR group reported on possible ice formations in Martian craters. Moore's crater was in Cydonia, Malin's was in the Southern hemisphere of Mars. The major media mentioned only Malin's report. [McDaniel Web site; Malin Web site]

Internet Web Sites

A visit to the various websites of the Mars anomaly researchers reveals different views. I will indicate with plus marks the apparent degree of confidence researcers seem to have that the new MGS picture of the "Face" and the nearby objects such as the "City" confirm their non-naturalness. Of course, the very intriguing object named the "Fortress" has yet to be reimaged.

Stan McDaniel (http://www.mcdanielreport.com/) +
Mark Carlotto (http://www.psrw.com/~markc/marshome.hmtl) ++
Richard Hoagland (http://www.enterprisemission.com/) +++
Tom Van Flandern (http://www.metaresearch.org/) ++++

The official sources for the images are not uniform in what is made available and how it is displayed.

As of Monday afternoon June 1, 1998 there are two official website types (that I know of) providing these images: Malin's MSSS site, and the many MGS Mirror sites. However not all mirror sites are equal. For example the Sun site has provided more prompt and complete coverage than the SDSC (San Diego Super Computer) site. Malin's site provides many extra pieces of information, thus providing a larger context.

Michael Malin (http://www.msss.com/)
MGS: (http://www.sun.com/mars/mgs/)
MGS: (http://mars.sdsc.edu/mgs/)

Book Sites

Carlotto, Mark J., The Martian Enigmas -- A Closer Look, North Atlantic Books, Berkeley, 199l; 2nd Edition, 1997.

Childress, David Hatcher, Extra-Terrestrial Archaeology, Adventures Unlimited, Stelle, IL, 1994.

Di Pietro, Vincent & Molenaar, Gregory , Unusual Martian Surface Features, Third Edition, Mars Research, 1982.

Hoagland, Richard C., The Monuments of Mars, North Atlantic Books, Berkeley1987, 2nd Edition, 1991.

McDaniel, Stanley V. , The McDaniel Report, North Atlantic Books, Berkeley, 1993.

Mariner 9 Team, Mars as Viewed by Mariner 9, NASA, 1974.

Sagan, Carl , Cosmos, Random House, 1980.

Sagan, Carl & Schlovskii, I.S., Intelligent Life in the Universe, Holden-Day, San Francisco, 1966.

Sagdeev, R.Z., & Sakharov, A.V., "Brief historyof the Phobos mission," Nature 341, 581- 584 (19 Oct 1989)

Sitchin, Zecharia, Genesis Revisited, Avon, New York, 1990.

Spitzer, Cary R. , ed.,Viking Orbiter Views of Mars, NASA, 1980.

White,Terry , "Space Exploration" in 1982 Yearbook of Science and the Future, Encyclopaedia Britannica, 1981.


Copyright 1998 by Saul Paul Sirag